How does increasing gross weight affect takeoff distance and V speeds V1, Vr, and V2?

• A. Heavier weight decreases V1, Vr, and V2 and lengthens takeoff distance
• B. Heavier weight increases V1, Vr, and V2 and lengthens takeoff distance
• C. Heavier weight increases V1 only and shortens takeoff distance
• D. Heavier weight has no effect on V speeds and takes off the same distance

Answer: (B)

Increasing gross weight means more inertia and more lift is needed to become airborne. To meet performance requirements, you have to accelerate to higher speeds, so V1 (decision speed), Vr (rotation speed), and V2 (takeoff safety speed) all rise as weight goes up. Heavier weight also makes the airplane harder to accelerate and climb, so it needs more runway to reach those speeds and achieve successful liftoff, lengthening the takeoff distance. In short, extra weight pushes up the necessary takeoff speeds and extends the runway needed to get airborne.